United Nations Resolutions and Conventions on Terrorism :
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
** For 30 years the UN has worked through treaties and resolutions to eliminate the threat of terrorism. There are 12 treaties currently in place that form the basis from which many non-military actions are being undertaken .
** Two new conventions on terrorism are presently being considered that will address the theft of nuclear weapons and provide an overarching structure for addressing terrorism.
** Shortly after September 11, in a rare use of authority the Security Council established a mandatory, legally binding requirement on all Member States to collaborate fully in an international effort to counter terrorism .
** A special committee was appointed to oversee the effort.
** In January 2002 another resolution (Resolution 1390) was passed, calling on states to freeze funds, prevent transit of individuals, and ban the sale of arms to terrorists and terrorist groups.
** The special Counter-Terrorism Committee established by the Security Council to monitor implementation of Resolution 1373 has now received reports from many Member States on their efforts to combat terrorism within their countries.
** The committee is expecting a 95% reporting compliance and will be approaching countries which have not yet reported.
** Resolution 1373 is particularly controversial as it requests countries to supply a list of suspected terrorists and terrorist groups working within their borders. How will these lists be used? How does one define terrorist or terrorism?
** The sensitivity of defining terrorism also makes it difficult to establish a comprehensive treaty. This discussion is beginning, but some in the UN community feel that the definition of terrorism is so controversial in the Middle East that it cannot be addressed until there is a resolution of the Israeli-Palestine conflict.
** However the Secretary-General Kofi Annan said in a press conference on January 26 that, "regardless of the differences between governments on the definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians, regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."
** International Legal Alternatives for Prosecuting Terrorists While existing treaties and conventions present long-term solutions for addressing terrorism, there is no ideal way to prosecute individuals apprehended as terrorists since September 11. The International Criminal Court is not yet operational, but it will almost certainly be ratified before the end of summer 2002.
** It will become a forum where individuals accused of crimes against humanity can be tried in the future, but it will not have retroactive jurisdiction.
** In response to September 11 the US could have approached the UN to establish, under its charter, an International Criminal Tribunal, as was done in the case of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. However the US, feeling it is essential to be able to interrogate and control the prisoners as well as impose the death penalty on people apprehended in the military action in Afghanistan, has chosen not to go this route.
** Resolution 1373 recommends that if Member States detain and prosecute potential terrorists, they should do so under the guidelines of the Geneva conventions and international law.
** Mary Robinson, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Secretary-General Annan and other world leaders have called on the US to abide by the Geneva accords in its treatment of the Taliban and Al Qaeda prisoners. The response with respect to the Taliban has been positive, but questions remain about members of Al Qaeda apprehended.
----------------------------------------------------
** Challenges to the United Nations
----------------------------------------------------
The United Nations Security Council is the body designated by the world community to address the threats to international peace and security.
** It is hampered in doing this by a shortage of resources, money, support, and cooperation from some Member States.
-------------------------------
Expansion of the War :
-------------------------------
** Chris Patten, the European Union's external affairs chief, has expressed the fear that " the Afghan war perhaps reinforced some dangerous instincts: that the projection of military power is the only basis of true security; that the US can rely on no one but itself; and that allies may be useful as optional extras."
** Many Member States have also expressed concern about a unilateral approach to combating terrorism and the expansion of the war into other countries such as Iraq and Iran.
** Secretary-General Kofi Annan recently warned, "any attack on Iraq at this stage would be unwise." The role of the UN in rebuilding Afghanistan
** In fact, our planet seems to many more and more like a small boat driven by a fierce gale through dark and uncharted waters, with more and more people crowded on board, hoping desperately to survive. None of us can afford to ignore the condition of our fellow passengers on this little boat. If they are sick, all of us risk infection. ** And if they are angry, all of us can easily get hurt. Kofi Annan 4 Feb 2002 - Message to World Social Forum
** While the UN has been left with the task of rebuilding Afghanistan, it continually finds itself hampered in its work. Monetary support for reconstruction is inadequate, and the continued fighting between warring factions prevents the return of refugees to their villages and threatens the stability of the interim government.
** There is tension between those who recognize the need for an expanding role of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the US and its allies, who fear that such a force will interfere with the military action against the Taliban and Al Quaeda.
** Middle East International leaders at the World Economic Forum in New York warned that there can be no resolution to the war on terrorism unless the problems of Israel and Palestine are addressed, and the escalation of violence there makes involvement of the UN even more essential.
** The Secretary-General in his February 21 briefing to the Security Council said, "I truly believe that it is imperative for the Security Council and the wider international community to work in a concerted manner with the parties towards a just, lasting and comprehensive peaceful settlement of the conflict."
----------------------------------------------------
** Prevention and the Roots of Terrorism
----------------------------------------------------
Increasingly since 1998 the Secretary-General and the UN community have defined prevention of violent conflicts as an important part of the UN mandate. ** It seems inevitable that part of the discussion on terrorism will need to address root causes.
----------------------------------------------------
Root Causes of Terrorism
----------------------------------------------------
If there is to be a solution to the threat of terrorism the UN must address the sensitive issue of the root causes of terrorism; including but not limited to global poverty, inequitable distribution of resources, discrimination and intolerance, violation of human rights, repressive regimes, and environmental degradation.
** There are those at the UN who see the US as an obstacle in many of the international community's attempts to deal with these issues, defining the boundaries and limits of global agreements in light of only its own national interests, disregarding international treaties as it wishes (i.e., Kyoto Treaty, Ottawa Land Mines Ban, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, ABM Treaty).
---------------------------------------------------
** The Task Ahead
---------------------------------------------------
** The threat of terrorism will be reduced only through a global approach with all nations committed to working together to:
Strengthen the work of the United Nations and its organizations with financial and diplomatic support;
** Work creatively together to come up with non-military ways of apprehending terrorists that strengthen the rule of international law;
Examine and understand the root causes of terrorism and work to address them globally;
Work constructively on a lasting peace in the Middle East;
** Support and strengthen global treaties on the environment, reduction of arms, financing for development, and racism;
** Ratify and support the implementation of the International Criminal Court;
Ratify and abide by the treaties on terrorism adopted by the UN.
** September 11 has highlighted the potential global reach of terrorist groups. Cells are believed to exist in many countries, north and south, industrialized and non-industrialized. These cells are fed and supported by individuals, groups and governments feeling the effects of poverty, despair, powerlessness and intolerance. A military approach to destroy these pockets state by state would run the risk of alienating countries, and creating more and more converts to the terrorist cause.
** On the other hand, addressing the underlying causes of terrorism would deny the terrorists the support that fuels them and narrow the ground upon which they can act. This should be done in a cooperative global approach through the UN.
----------------------------------------------------
** List of Possible Actions and Resources
----------------------------------------------------
** Encourage everyone you know to expand their information to include foreign sources on a regular basis.
** Web sites of foreign press:
** The Guardian :
** www.guardian.co.uk.
** The Financial Times:
** www.ft.com
** The BBC:
** www.bbc.uk
** Al-Ahram:
** www.ahram.org.eg/weekly
** The Toronto Globe and Mail:
** www.globemail.ca.
** Keep up to date on information and actions by monitoring websites such as the United Nations :
www.un.org
** Quaker United Nations Office :
** www.quno.org
** American Friends Service Committee :
www.afsc.org
** Quaker Peace and Social Witness UK
** www.quaker.org.uk/peace.
**Learn more about Islam. The best sources tend to be books written by Islamic scholars. Useful websites include:
** www.islam.org.
** Actions :
** Go to organizations that share your views for actions and ideas, e.g. in the US, FCNL's, is a good source of information :
** www.fcnl.org.
** Write letters to let your government and representatives know of your concerns.
Get information, articles, and letters in the press.
** Support the establishment and ratification of the International Criminal Court as the long-term international legal responses to terrorism :
** (www.iccnow.org)
** Reach out to the Muslim and Arab communities to establish trust and understanding, and to find ways to work towards eradicating discrimination.
** Actively work on promoting civil liberties for all.
** Initiate dialogue and information sharing between friends, neighbors, family and colleagues to share ideas on alternatives to military intervention and the root causes of terrorism and violent conflict, but also to promote and support the United Nations as the organization best equipped to combat terrorism.
** The Public Conversations Project has put together a very good self-facilitation guide for dialogue on the present crisis. It can be downloaded from its website at :
** www.publicconversations.org.
** The Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO), located in Geneva and New York, represents Quakers through Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC), an international non-governmental organization with consultative status at the UN.
** QUNO works to promote the peace and justice concerns of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) from around the world at the United Nations and other global institutions.
** It is supported by the American Friends Service Committee, Britain Yearly Meeting, the worldwide community of Friends, other groups and individuals.
----------------------------------------------------
Friends World Committee for Consultation
777 United Nations Plaza
New York, NY 10017

Media and Conflict
Developed in 1993, the Media and Conflict Program is an extension of the Center's original mission concerning the role of the media in the superpower conflict during the Cold War. The program was initiated to explore the potential of the media to contribute to international peace and security. The program's core mission is to examine and develop media-based strategies, techniques, and approaches to prevent, lessen, manage, and help resolve international, national, ethnic, and sub-state conflicts. Despite near-universal acknowledgment of the media's power and influence over conflict, systematic research on this issue is minimal.
There is not yet a substantial body of scholarship that investigates what role the media conceivably could play in preventing or ameliorating international or intra-state conflict. As important, there is little practical information available to help guide diplomats, mediators, parties to conflict, or journalists and media managers themselves, on how to minimize the often contributory role of media in conflict, and how to bring the power of the media to bear on the tasks of conflict prevention or transformation.
The Center's Media and Conflict Program is designed to help fill both gaps, while at the same time actively intervening in conflict situations to bring what techniques do exist to bear on minimizing the human suffering they entail.

MEDIA AND CONFLICT PROGRAM PROJECTS

REPORTING DIVERSITY NETWORK

In November 1998, the Center launched the Reporting Diversity Network (RDN), a unique collaboration of media organizations in Central and Eastern Europe. The primary mission of the RDN is to promote, create, and sustain substantially improved journalism on minorities, ethnic conflict, and other diversity issues. The RDN is designed thereby to contribute to more democratic, pluralistic, tolerant societies in Central and Eastern Europe.
Founding partners of the RDN include the following organizations: Albanian Media Institute (Tirana), Association of Independent Electronic Media (Belgrade), Center for Multicultural Understanding and Cooperation (Skopje), Center for Independent Journalism (Bucharest), Center for Independent Journalism (Budapest), Independent Journalists Association of Serbia (Belgrade), International Federation of Journalists (Brussels), Latvia University, Department of Journalism (Riga), Media Development Center (Sofia), Media Plan Institute (Sarajevo), National Press Institute (Moscow), Panonia Press Network (Vojvodina), Roma Press Center (Budapest), and STINA News Agency (Split).
Building on a series of pilot projects the Center began in 1996, the RDN program includes regional and country-level activities in five main programmatic areas:
Mid-Career Diversity Training for Journalists: Training journalists to increase their capabilities for improved reporting on diversity-related concerns.

Diversity Reporting Initiatives: Organizing journalism projects that address specific local, national and regional conflicts.

Media Assistance for Minority Groups: Working with minority groups to strengthen their own media organizations, and increase their skills to work to effectively with majority media to support their communities.

Diversity Journalism Education and Curriculum Reform: Working with journalism schools to integrate diversity concerns into courses and curricula.

Media Monitoring: Developing monitoring and research projects to and hold news organizations accountable for shortcomings in coverage of marginalized groups.
A NETWORK FOR TOLERANCE IN JOURNALISM

Under the auspices of the Stability Pact, with grants from the U.S. Department of State and the European Commission, the Center over the next 24 months, in cooperation with its Reporting Diversity Network (RDN), will rigorously train several hundred media professionals throughout Southeastern Europe to increase the levels of tolerance and inter-ethnic dialogue through their reporting. Specific projects include:
Network Regional Trainer: Provides on-site one-on-one training for specially selected media outlets to improve their reporting on minorities, ethnic conflict, and on diversity in their own communities.

Post-Conflict Reporting Workshops: Developed specifically for journalists in Kosovo to help them report more responsibly on the volatility and complexity of their region.

Media and Integration Seminar: 25 owners, editors, and top journalists of regional media establishments discuss diversity and human rights as an imperative of European integration.

Workshop: 20 representatives of regional news agencies lay the foundation for a joint news service offering distribution of top-quality material on minorities, ethnic conflict, and diversity.
NIGERIA

In 1999, The Independent Journalism Center (IJC), Lagos, Nigeria, The Panos Institute, Washington, DC, (Panos) and the CWPNM joined forces to analyze the interconnected and potentially explosive problems of identity, conflict and diversity in Nigeria and how the media relates to them, with a view to proposing a strategy for constructive action in a country with 243 ethnic groups and major religious schisms. In December of 2000 they jointly hosted an international conference for Nigerian media proprietors, "Media In Diverse Societies: Roles, Responsibilities, and Opportunities," in Abuja. Other projects include:
Covering Diversityط·آ£ط¢آ¢ط£آ¢أ¢â‚¬ع‘ط¢آ¬ط£آ¢أ¢â€ڑآ¬أ¢â‚¬إ’A Resource and Training Manual for African Journalists: A tool to help strengthen professional standards and reporting practices for journalists and editors faced with the challenges posed by reporting diversity related issues in complex, multicultural societies.

Nigeria's Newsroom Diversity Study: A comprehensive study of ethnic, gender and religious diversity in newsrooms throughout Nigeria, the first study of its kind anywhere in Africa.

Retreat for Editors and Producers: The role of editors and producers is critical to the success of our projects and to institutionalizing new ways of approaching national identity formation, tolerance of diversity, and conflict management. Therefore in June 2001 thirty editors and producers were brought together for a two-day retreat designed to achieve "buy-in" for activities designed to contribute to tolerance, minority rights, and conflict management by means of professional journalism.
REPORTING PROTOCOL FOR TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION PROCESS

The Center for War Peace, and the News Media (CWPNM), in collaboration with the Media Peace Center of South Africa, assembled a team of international experts in the fields of international law and justice, truth and reconciliation commissions, journalism and trauma to pool their collective knowledge and experience to create a body of training protocols and materials for journalists and media professionals working in environments of social reckoning. Through this program the CWPNM hoped to create a series of interventions to assist journalists in many countries undergoing formal or informal truth and reconciliation processes in the aftermath of political repression of violent conflict. Such journalists are frequently unprepared to handle the complex issues relating to social trauma, justice vs. vengeance, and the reconstruction of social narratives that will determine the success or failure of the truth and reconciliation process. The Center has already received invitations to hold workshops in Serbia, Cambodia, and West Africa.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Inventory of Media-Based Conflict Interventions: A long-term study of how the media can perform conflict-transforming tasks foreseen by conflict resolution theory while at the same time preserving the professional norms of journalism. Funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the United States Institute of Peace.
Covering Conflict: A handbook for journalists exploring more constructive ways for the media to cover conflicts. Produced in collaboration with the Media Peace Center of South Africa, the handbook features investigation, analysis and documentation of worldwide initiatives and media interventions that have been undertaken to prevent or ameliorate inter-ethnic, inter-communal, and international conflict.

418 Lafayette Street, Suite 554
New York, NY 10003
Telephone: 212-998-7960 | Fax: 212-995-4143
e-mail: war.peace.news@nyu.edu






ISRAEL-JORDAN COMMON AGENDA
September 14, 1993
Washington, D.C.
Goal:
The achievement of just, lasting and comprehensive peace between the Arab States, the Palestinians and Israel as per the Madrid invitation.
Components of Israel-Jordan Peace Negotiations:
1. Searching for steps to arrive at a state of peace based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 in all their aspects.
2. Security:
1. Refraining from actions or activities by either side that may adversely affect the security of the other or may prejudge the final outcome of negotiations.
2. Threats to security resulting from all kinds of terrorism.
1. Mutual commitment not to threaten each other by any use of force and not to use weapons by one side against the other including conventional and non-conventional mass destruction weapons.
2. Mutual commitment, as a matter of priority and as soon as possible, to work towards a Middle East free from weapons of mass destruction, conventional and non-conventional weapons; this goal is to be achieved in the context of a comprehensive, lasting and stable peace characterized by the renunciation of the use of force, reconciliation and openness.
Note: The above (item c-ii) may be revised in accordance with relevant agreements to be reached in the Multilateral Working Group on Arms Control and Regional Security.
3. Mutually agreed upon security arrangements and security confidence building measures.
3. Water:
1. Securing the rightful water shares of the two sides.
2. Searching for ways to alleviate water shortage.
4. Refugees and Displaced Persons:
Achieving an agreed just solution to the bilateral aspects of the problem of refugees and displaced persons in accordance with international law.
5. Borders and Territorial Matters:
Settlement of territorial matters and agreed definitive delimitation and demarcation of the international boundary between Israel and Jordan with reference to the boundary definition under the Mandate, without prejudice to the status of any territories that came under Israeli Military Government control in 1967. Both parties will respect and comply with the above international boundary.
6. Exploring the potentials of future bilateral cooperation, within a regional context where appropriate, in the following:
1. Natural Resources:
* Water, energy and environment
* Rift Valley development
2. Human Resources:
* Demography
* Labor
* Health
* Education
* Drug Control
3. Infrastructure:
* Transportation: land and air
* Communication
4. Economic areas including tourism.
7. Phasing the discussion, agreement and implementation of the items above including appropriate mechanisms for negotiations in specific fields.
8. Discussion on matters related to both tracks to be decided upon in common by the two tracks.
It is anticipated that the above endeavor will ultimately, following the attainment of mutually satisfactory solutions to the elements of this agenda, culminate in a peace treaty.
More Information and details:
http://www.globalbeat.org/



The Washington Declaration
Israel - Jordan - The United States

July 25th, 1994
1. After generations of hostility, blood and tears and in the wake of years of pain and wars, His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin are determined to bring an end to bloodshed and sorrow. It is in this spirit that His Majesty King Hussein of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Mr. Yitzhak Rabin of Israel, met in Washington today at the invitation of President William J. Clinton of the United States of America. This initiative of President William J. Clinton constitutes an historic landmark in the United States' untiring efforts in promoting peace and stability in the Middle East. The personal involvement of the President has made it possible to realise agreement on the content of this historic declaration.
The signing of this declaration bears testimony to the President's vision and devotion to the cause of peace.
2. In their meeting, His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin have jointly reaffirmed the five underlying principles of their understanding on an Agreed Common Agenda designed to reach the goal of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace between the Arab States and the Palestinians, with Israel.
1. Jordan and Israel aim at the achievement of just, lasting and comprehensive peace between Israel and its neighbors and at the conclusion of a Treaty of Peace between both countries.
2. The two countries will vigorously continue their negotiations to arrive at a state of peace, based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 in all their aspects, and founded on freedom, equality and justice.
3. Israel respects the present special role of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Muslim Holy shrines in Jerusalem. When negotiations on the permanent status will take place, Israel will give high priority to the Jordanian historic role in these shrines. In addition the two sides have agreed to act together to promote interfaith relations among the three monotheistic religions.
4. The two countries recognize their right and obligation to live in peace with each other as well as with all states within secure and recognized boundaries. The two states affirmed their respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area.
5. The two countries desire to develop good neighborly relations of cooperation between them to ensure lasting security and to avoid threats and the use of force between them.
3. The long conflict between the two states is now coming to an end. In this spirit the state of belligerency between Jordan and Israel has been terminated.
4. Following this declaration and in keeping with the Agreed Common Agenda, both countries will refrain from actions or activities by either side that may adversely affect the security of the other or may prejudice the final outcome of negotiations. Neither side will threaten the other by use of force, weapons, or any other means, against each other and both sides will thwart threats to security resulting from all kinds of terrorism.
5. His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin took note of the progress made in the bilateral negotiations within the Jordan-Israel track last week on the steps decided to implement the sub- agendas on borders, territorial matters, security, water, energy, environment and the Jordan Rift Valley.
In this framework, mindful of items of the Agreed Common Agenda (borders and territorial matters) they noted that the boundary sub-commission has reached agreement in July 1994 in fulfillment of part of the role entrusted to it in the sub-agenda. They also noted that the sub-commission for water, environment and energy agreed to mutually recognize, as the role of their negotiations, the rightful allocations of the two sides in Jordan River and Yarmouk River waters and to fully respect and comply with the negotiated rightful allocations, in accordance with agreed acceptable principles with mutually acceptable quality. Similarly, His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin expressed their deep satisfaction and pride in the work of the trilateral commission in its meeting held in Jordan on Wednesday, July 20th 1994, hosted by the Jordanian Prime Minister, Dr. Abdessalam al-Majali, and attended by Secretary of State Warren Christopher and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres. They voiced their pleasure at the association and commitment of the United States in this endeavor.
6. His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin believe that steps must be taken both to overcome psychological barriers and to break with the legacy of war. By working with optimism towards the dividends of peace for all the people in the region, Jordan and Israel are determined to shoulder their responsibilities towards the human dimension of peace making. They recognize imbalances and disparities are a root cause of extremism which thrives on poverty and unemployment and the degradation of human dignity. In this spirit His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin have today approved a series of steps to symbolize the new era which is now at hand:
1. Direct telephone links will be opened between Jordan and Israel.
2. The electricity grids of Jordan and Israel will be linked as part of a regional concept.
3. Two new border crossings will be opened between Jordan and Israel - one at the southern tip of Aqaba- Eilat and the other at a mutually agreed point in the north.
4. In principle free access will be given to third country tourists traveling between Jordan and Israel.
5. Negotiations will be accelerated on opening an international air corridor between both countries.
6. The police forces of Jordan and Israel will cooperate in combating crime with emphasis on smuggling and particularly drug smuggling. The United States will be invited to participate in this joint endeavor.
7. Negotiations on economic matters will continue in order to prepare for future bilateral cooperation including the abolition of all economic boycotts.
All these steps are being implemented within the framework of regional infrastructural development plans and in conjunction with the Jordan-Israel bilateral on boundaries, security, water and related issues and without prejudice to the final outcome of the negotiations on the items included in the Agreed Common Agenda between Jordan and Israel.
7. His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin have agreed to meet periodically or whenever they feel necessary to review the progress of the negotiations and express their firm intention to shepherd and direct the process in its entirety.
8. In conclusion, His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin wish to express once again their profound thanks and appreciation to President William J. Clinton and his Administration for their untiring efforts in furthering the cause of peace, justice and prosperity for all the peoples of the region. They wish to thank the President personally for his warm welcome and hospitality. In recognition of their appreciation to the President, His Majesty King Hussein and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin have asked President William J. Clinton to sign this document as a witness and as a host to their meeting.
His Majesty King Hussein
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
President William J. Clinton

PEACE TREATY BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT

March 26, 1979
Sixteen months after Sadat's visit to Israel, the Israel-Egypt peace treaty was signed in Washington. It contains nine articles, a military annex, an annex dealing with the relation between the parties, agreed minutes interpreting the main articles of the treaty, among them Article 6, the withdrawal schedule, exchange of ambassadors, security arrangements and the agreement relating to the autonomy talks. The latter issue was contained in a letter addressed by President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin to President Carter.
In a separate Israel-US Memorandum of Agreement, concluded on the same day, the US spelled out its commitments to Israel in case the treaty is violated, the role of the UN and the future supply of military and economic aid to Israel.

Text:
The Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Government of the State of Israel;
PREAMBLE
Convinced of the urgent necessity of the establishment of a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East in accordance with Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338;
Reaffirming their adherence to the "Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David," dated September 17, 1978;
Noting that the aforementioned Framework as appropriate is intended to constitute a basis for peace not only between Egypt and Israel but also between Israel and each of its other Arab neighbors which is prepared to negotiate peace with it on this basis;
Desiring to bring to an end the state of war between them and to establish a peace in which every state in the area can live in security;
Convinced that the conclusion of a Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel is an important step in the search for comprehensive peace in the area and for the attainment of settlement of the Arab- Israeli conflict in all its aspects;
Inviting the other Arab parties to this dispute to join the peace process with Israel guided by and based on the principles of the aforementioned Framework;
Desiring as well to develop friendly relations and cooperation between themselves in accordance with the United Nations Charter and the principles of international law governing international relations in times of peace;
Agree to the following provisions in the free exercise of their sovereignty, in order to implement the "Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel";

Article I
1. The state of war between the Parties will be terminated and peace will be established between them upon the exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
2. Israel will withdraw all its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai behind the international boundary between Egypt and mandated Palestine, as provided in the annexed protocol (Annex I ), and Egypt will resume the exercise of its full sovereignty over the Sinai.
3. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal provided for in Annex I, the parties will establish normal and friendly relations, in accordance with Article III (3).

Article II
The permanent boundary between Egypt and Israel in the recognized international boundary between Egypt and the former mandated territory of Palestine, as shown on the map at Annex II, without prejudice to the issue of the status of the Gaza Strip. The Parties recognize this boundary as inviolable. Each will respect the territorial integrity of the other, including their territorial waters and airspace.

Article III
1. The Parties will apply between them the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law governing relations among states in times of peace. In particular:
1. They recognize and will respect each other's sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence;
2. They recognize and will respect each other's right to live in peace within their secure and recognized boundaries;
3. They will refrain from the threat or use of force, directly or indirectly, against each other and will settle all disputes between them by peaceful means.
2. Each Party undertakes to ensure that acts or threats of belligerency, hostility, or violence do not originate from and are not committed from within its territory, or by any forces subject to its control or by any other forces stationed on its territory , against the population, citizens or property of the other Party. Each Party also undertakes to refrain from organizing, instigating, inciting, assisting or participating in acts or threats of belligerency, hostility, subversion or violence against the other Party, anywhere, and undertakes to ensure that perpetrators of such acts are brought to justice.
3. The Parties agree that the normal relationship established between them will include full recognition, diplomatic, economic and cultural relations, termination of economic boycotts and discriminatory barriers to the free movement of people and goods, and will guarantee the mutual enjoyment by citizens of the due process of law. The process by which they undertake to achieve such a relationship parallel to the implementation of other provisions of this Treaty is set out in the annexed protocol (Annex III).

Article IV
1. In order to provide maximum security for both Parties on the basis of reciprocity, agreed security arrangements will be established including limited force zones in Egyptian and Israeli territory, and United Nations forces and observers, described in detail as to nature and timing in Annex I, and other security arrangements the Parties may agree upon.
2. The Parties agree to the stationing of United Nations personnel in areas described in Annex I. The Parties agree not to request withdrawal of the United Nations personnel and that these personnel will not be removed unless such removal is approved by the Security Council of the United Nations, with the affirmative vote of the five Permanent Members, unless the Parties otherwise agree.
3. A Joint Commission will be established to facilitate the implementation of the Treaty, as provided for in Annex I.
4. The security arrangements provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article may at the request of either party be reviewed and amended by mutual agreement of the Parties.

Article V
1. Ships of Israel, and cargoes destined for or coming from Israel, shall enjoy the right of free passage through the Suez Canal and its approaches through the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea on the basis of the Constantinople Convention of 1888, applying to all nations, Israeli nationals, vessels and cargoes, as well as persons, vessels and cargoes destined for or coming from Israel, shall be accorded non- discriminatory treatment in all matters connected with usage of the canal.
2. The Parties consider the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba to be international waterways open to all nations for unimpeded and non-suspendable freedom of navigation and overflight. The parties will respect each other's right to navigation and overflight for access to either country through the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba.

Article VI
1. This Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations of the Parties under the Charter of the United Nations.
2. The Parties undertake to fulfill in good faith their obligations under this Treaty, without regard to action or inaction of any other party and independently of any instrument external to this Treaty.
3. They further undertake to take all the necessary measures for the application in their relations of the provisions of the multilateral conventions to which they are parties, including the submission of appropriate notification to the Secretary General of the United Nations and other depositaries of such conventions.
4. The Parties undertake not to enter into any obligation in conflict with this Treaty.
5. Subject to Article 103 of the United Nations Charter in the event of a conflict between the obligation of the Parties under the present Treaty and any of their other obligations, the obligations under this Treaty will be binding and implemented.

Article VII
1. Disputes arising out of the application or interpretation of this Treaty shall be resolved by negotiations.
2. Any such disputes which cannot be settled by negotiations shall be resolved by conciliation or submitted to arbitration.

Article VIII
The Parties agree to establish a claims commission for the mutual settlement of all financial claims.

Article IX
1. This Treaty shall enter into force upon exchange of instruments of ratification.
2. This Treaty supersedes the Agreement between Egypt and Israel of September, 1975.
3. All protocols, annexes, and maps attached to this Treaty shall be regarded as an integral part hereof.
4. The Treaty shall be communicated to the Secretary General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Annex I
Protocol Concerning Israeli Withdrawal and Security Agreements

Article I
Concept of Withdrawal
1. Israel will complete withdrawal of all its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai not later than three years from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
2. To ensure the mutual security of the Parties, the implementation of phased withdrawal will be accompanied by the military measures and establishment of zones set out in this Annex and in Map 1, hereinafter referred to as "the Zones."
3. The withdrawal from the Sinai will be accomplished in two phases:
1. The interim withdrawal behind the line from east of El-Arish to Ras Mohammed as delineated on Map 2 within nine months from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
2. The final withdrawal from the Sinai behind the international boundary not later than three years from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
4. A Joint Commission will be formed immediately after the exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty in order to supervise and coordinate movements and schedules during the withdrawal, and to adjust plans and timetables as necessary within the limits established by paragraph 3, above. Details relating to the Joint Commission are set out in Article IV of the attached Appendix. The Joint Commission will be dissolved upon completion of final Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai.

Article II
Determination of Final Lines and Zones
1. In order to provide maximum security for both Parties after the final withdrawal, the lines and the Zones delineated on Map 1 are to be established and organized as follows:
1. Zone A
1. Zone A is bounded on the east by line A (red line) and on the west by the Suez Canal and the east coast of the Gulf of Suez, as shown on Map 1.
2. An Egyptian armed force of one mechanized infantry division and its military installations, and field fortifications, will be in this Zone.
3. The main elements of that Division will consist of:
1. Three mechanized infantry brigades.
2. One armed brigade.
3. Seven field artillery battalions including up to 126 artillery pieces.
4. Seven anti-aircraft artillery battalions including individual surface-to-air missiles and up to 126 anti-aircraft guns of 37 mm and above.
5. Up to 230 tanks.
6. Up to 480 armored personnel vehicles of all types.
7. Up to a total of twenty-two thousand personnel.
2. Zone B
1. Zone B is bounded by line B (green line) on the east and by line A (red line) on the west, as shown on Map 1.
2. Egyptian border units of four battalions equipped with light weapons and wheeled vehicles will provide security and supplement the civil police in maintaining order in Zone B. The main elements in the four Border Battalions will consist of up to a total of four thousand personnel.
3. Land based, short range, low power, coastal warning points of the border patrol units may be established on the coast of this Zone.
4. There will be in Zone B field fortifications and military installations for the four border battalions.
3. Zone C
1. Zone C is bounded by line B (green line) on the west and the International Boundary and the Gulf of Aqaba on the east, as shown on Map 1.
2. Only United Nations forces and Egyptian civil police will be stationed in Zone C.
3. The Egyptian civil police armed with light weapons will perform normal police functions within this Zone.
4. The United Nations Force will be deployed within Zone C and perform its functions as defined in Article VI of this annex.
5. The United Nations Force will be stationed mainly in camps located within the following stationing areas shown on Map 1, and will establish its precise locations after consultations with Egypt:
1. In that part of the area in the Sinai lying within about 20 Km. of the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent to the International Boundary.
2. In the Sharm El Sheikh area.
4. Zone D
1. Zone D is bounded by line D (blue line) on the east and the international boundary on the west, as shown on Map 1.
2. In this Zone there will be an Israeli limited force of four infantry battalions, their military installations, and field fortifications, and United Nations observers.
3. The Israeli forces in Zone D will not include tanks, artillery and anti-aircraft missiles except individual surface-to-air missiles.
4. The main elements of the four Israeli infantry battalions will consist of up to 180 armored personnel vehicles of all types and up to a total of four thousand personnel.
2. Access across the international boundary shall only be permitted through entry check points designated by each Party and under its control. Such access shall be in accordance with laws and regulations of each country.
3. Only those field fortifications, military installations, forces, and weapons specifically permitted by this Annex shall be in the Zones.

Article III
Aerial Military Regime
1. Flights of combat aircraft and reconnaissance flights of Egypt and Israel shall take place only over Zones A and D, respectively.
2. Only unarmed, non-combat aircraft of Egypt and Israel will be stationed in Zones A and D, respectively.
3. Only Egyptian unarmed transport aircraft will take off and land in Zone B and up to eight such aircraft may be maintained in Zone B. The Egyptian border unit.,., may be equipped with unarmed helicopters to perform their functions in Zone B.
4. The Egyptian civil police may be equipped with unarmed police helicopters to perform normal police functions in Zone C.
5. Only civilian airfields maybe built in the Zones.
6. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Treaty, only those military aerial activities specifically permitted by this Annex shall be allowed in the Zones and the airspace above their territorial waters.

Article IV
Naval Regime
1. Egypt and Israel may base and operate naval vessels along the coasts of Zones A and D, respectively.
2. Egyptian coast guard boats, lightly armed, may be stationed and operate in the territorial waters of Zone B to assist the border units in performing their functions in this Zone.
3. Egyptian civil police equipped with light boats, lightly armed, shall perform normal police functions within the territorial waters of Zone C.
4. Nothing in this Annex shall be considered as derogating from the right of innocent passage of the naval vessels of either party.
5. Only civilian maritime ports and installations may be built in the Zones.
6. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Treaty, only those naval activities specifically permitted by this Annex shall be allowed in the Zones and in their territorial waters.

Article V
Early Warning Systems
Egypt and Israel may establish and operate early warning systems only in Zones A and D respectively.

Article VI
United Nations Operations
1. The Parties will request the United Nations to provide forces and observers to supervise the implementation of this Annex and employ their best efforts to prevent any violation of its terms.
2. With respect to these United Nations forces and observers, as appropriate, the Parties agree to request the following arrangements:
1. Operation of check points, reconnaissance patrols, and observation posts along the international boundary and line B, and within Zone C.
2. Periodic verification of the implementation of the provisions of this Annex will be carried out not less than twice a month unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.
3. Additional verifications within 48 hours after the receipt of a request from either Party.
4. Ensuring the freedom of navigation through the Strait of Tiran in accordance with Article V of the Treaty of Peace.
3. The arrangements described in this article for each zone will be implemented in ones A, B, and C by the United Nations Force and in Zone D by the United Nations Observers.
4. United Nations verification teams shall be accompanied by liaison officers of the respective Party.
5. The United Nations Force and observers will report their findings to both Parties.
6. The United Nations Force and Observers operating in the Zones will enjoy freedom of movement and other facilities necessary for the performance of their tasks.
7. The United Nations Force and Observers are not empowered to authorize the crossing of the international boundary.
8. The Parties shall agree on the nations from which the United Nations Force and Observers will be drawn. They "ill be drawn from nations other than those which are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
9. The Parties agree that the United Nations should make those command arrangements that will best assure the effective implementation of its responsibilities.

Article VII
Liaison System
1. Upon dissolution of the Joint Commission, a liaison system between the Parties will be established. This liaison system is intended to provide an effective method to assess progress in the implementation of obligations under the present Annex and to resolve any problem that may arise in the course of implementation, and refer other unresolved matters to the higher military authorities of the two countries respectively for consideration. It is also intended to prevent situations resulting from errors or misinterpretation on the part of either Party.
2. An Egyptian liaison office will be established in the city of El-Arish and an Israeli liaison office will be established in the city of Beer-Sheba. Each office will be headed by an officer of the respective country, and assisted by a number of officers.
3. A direct telephone link between the two offices will be set up and also direct telephone lines with the United Nations command will be maintained by both offices.

Article VIII
Respect for War Memorials
Each Party undertakes to preserve in good condition the War Memorials erected in the memory of soldiers of the other Party, namely those erected by Egypt in Israel, and shall permit access to such monuments.

Article IX
Interim Arrangements
The withdrawal of Israeli armed forces and civilians behind the interim withdrawal line, and the conduct of the forces of the Parties and the United Nations prior to the final withdrawal, will be governed by the attached Appendix and Map 2.
Appendix to Annex I
Organization of Movements in the Sinai

Article I
Principles of Withdrawal
1. The withdrawal of Israeli armed forces and civilians from the Sinai will be accomplished in two phases as described in Article I of Annex I. The description and timing of the withdrawal are included in this Appendix. The Joint Commission will develop and present to the Chief Coordinator of the United Nations forces in the Middle East the details of these phases not later than one month before the initiation of each phase of withdrawal.
2. Both parties agree on the following principles for the sequences of military movements.
1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article IX, paragraph 2, of this Treaty, until Israeli armed forces complete withdrawal from the current J and M Lines established by the Egyptian-Israeli Agreement of September 1975, hereinafter referred to as the 1975 Agreement, up to the interim withdrawal line, all military arrangements existing under that Agreement will remain in effect, except those military arrangements otherwise provided for in this Appendix.
2. As Israeli armed forces withdraw, United Nations forces will immediately enter the evacuated areas to establish interim and temporary buffer zones as shown on Maps 2 and 3, respectively, for the purpose of maintaining a separation of forces. United Nations forces' deployment will precede the movement of any other personnel into these areas.
3. Within a period of seven days after Israeli armed forces have evacuated any area located in Zone A, units of Egyptian armed forces shall deploy in accordance with the provisions of Article II of this Appendix.
4. Within a period of seven days after Israeli armed forces have evacuated any area located in Zones A or B, Egyptian border units shall deploy in accordance with the provisions of Article II of this Appendix, and will function in accordance with the provisions of Article II of Annex I.
5. Egyptian civil police will enter evacuated areas immediately after the United Nations forces to perform normal police functions.
6. Egyptian naval units shall deploy in the Gulf of Suez in accordance with the provisions of Article II of this Appendix.
7. Except those movements mentioned above, deployments of Egyptian armed forces and the activities covered in Annex I will be offered in the evacuated areas when Israeli armed forces have completed their withdrawal behind the interim withdrawal line.

Article II
Subphases of the Withdrawal to the Interim Withdrawal Line
1. The withdrawal to the interim withdrawal line will be accomplished in subphases as described in this Article and as shown on Map 3. Each subphase will be completed within the indicated number of months from the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty:
1. First sub phastse: within two months, Israeli armed forces will withdraw from the area of El Arish, including the town of El Arish and its airfield, shown as Area I on Map 3.
2. Second subphase: within three months, Israeli armed forces will withdraw from the area between line M of the 1975 Agreement and line A, shown as Area II on Map 3.
3. Third subphase: within five months, Israeli armed forces will withdraw from the area east and south of Area II, shown as Area III on Map 3.
4. Fourth subphase: within seven months, Israeli armed forces will withdraw from the area of El Tor- Ras El Kenisa, shown as Area IV on Map 3.
5. Fifth subphase: Within nine months, Israeli armed forces will withdraw from the remaining areas west of the interim withdrawal line, including the areas of Santa Katrina and the areas east of the Giddi and Mitla passes, shown as Area V on Map 3, thereby completing Israeli withdrawal behind the interim withdrawal line.
2. Egyptian forces will deploy in the areas evacuated by Israeli armed forces as follows:
1. Up to one-third of the Egyptian armed forces in the Sinai in accordance with the 1975 Agreement will deploy in the portions of Zone A lying within Area I, until the completion of interim withdrawal. Thereafter, Egyptian armed forces as described Article II of Annex I will be deployed in Zone A up to the limits of the interim zone.
2. The Egyptian naval activity in accordance with Article IV of Annex I will commence along the coasts of areas I, III and IV, upon completion of the second, third, and fourth subphases, respectively.
3. Of the Egyptian border units described in Article II of Annex I, upon completion of the first subphase one battalion will be deployed in Area I. A second battalion will deployed in Area II upon completion of the second subphase. A third battalion will deployed in Area Ill upon completion of the third subphase. The second and third battalions mentioned above may also be deployed in any of the subsequently evacuated areas of the southern Sinai.
3. United Nations forces in Buffer Zone I of the 1976 Agreement will redeploy enable the deployment of Egyptian forces described above upon the completion of the subphase, but will otherwise continue to function in accordance with the provisions of that Agreement in the remainder of that zone until the completion of interim withdrawal, as indicated in Article I of this Appendix.
4. Israeli convoys may use the roads south and east of the main road junction east of El Arish to evacuate Israeli forces up to the completion of interim withdrawal. These convoys will proceed in daylight upon four hours notice to the Egyptian liaison group and United Nations forces, will be escorted by United Nations forces, and will be in accordance with schedules coordinated by the Joint Commission. An Egyptian liaison officer will accompany convoys to assure uninterrupted movement. The Joint Commission may approve other arrangements for convoys.

Article III
United Nations Forces
1. The Parties shall request that United Nations forces be deployed as necessary to perform the functions described in the Appendix up to the time of completion of final Israeli withdrawal. For that purpose, the Parties agree to the redeployment of the United Nations Emergency Force.
2. United Nations forces will supervise the implementation of this Appendix and will employ their best efforts to prevent any violation of its terms.
3. When United Nations forces deploy in accordance with the provisions of Article and II of this Appendix, they will perform the functions of verification in limited force zones in accordance with Article VI of Annex I, and will establish check points, reconnaissance patrols, and observation posts in the temporary buffer zones described in Article II above. Other functions of the United Nations forces which concern the interim buffer zone are described in Article V of this Appendix.

Article IV
Joint Commission and Liaison
1. The Joint Commission referred to in Article IV of this Treaty will function from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty up to the date of completion of final Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai.
2. The Joint Commission will be composed of representatives of each Party headed by senior officers. This Commission shall invite a representative of the United Nations when discussing subjects concerning the United Nations, or when either Party requests United Nations presence. Decisions of the Joint Commission will be reached by agreement of Egypt and Israel.
3. The Joint Commission will supervise the implementation of the arrangements described in Annex I and this Appendix. To this end, and by agreement of both Parties, it will:
1. coordinate military movements described in this Appendix and supervise their implementation;
2. address and seek to resolve any problem arising out of the implementation of Annex I and this Appendix, and discuss any violations reported by the United Nations Force and Observers and refer to the Governments of Egypt and Israel any unresolved problems;
3. assist the United Nations Force and Observers in the execution of their mandates, and deal with the timetables of the periodic verification when referred to it by the Parties as provided for in Annex I and this Appendix;
4. organize the demarcation of the international boundary and all lines and zones described in Annex I and this Appendix;
5. supervise the handing over of the main installations in the Sinai from Israel to Egypt;
6. agree on necessary arrangements for finding and returning missing bodies of Egyptian and Israeli soldiers;
7. organize the setting up and operation of entry check points along the El Arish-Ras Mohammed line in accordance with the provisions of Article 4 of Annex III;
8. conduct its operations through the use of joint liaison teams consisting of one Israeli representative and one Egyptian representative, provided from a standing Liaison Group, which will conduct activities as directed by the Joint Commission;
9. provide liaison and coordination to the United Nations command implementing provisions of the Treaty, and, through the joint liaison teams, maintain local coordination and cooperation with the United Nations Force stationed in specific areas or United Nations Observers monitoring specific areas for any assistance as needed;
10. discuss any other matters which the Parties by agreement may place before it.
4. Meetings of the Joint Commission shall be held at least once a month. In the event that either Party of the Command of the United Nations Force requests a specific meeting, it will be convened within 24 hours.
5. The Joint Committee will meet in the buffer zone until the completion of the interim withdrawal and in El Arish and Beer-Sheba alternately afterwards. The first meeting will be held not later than two weeks after the entry into force of this Treaty.

Article V
Definition of the Interim Buffer Zone and Its Activities
1. An interim buffer zone, by which the United Nations Force will effect a separation of Egyptian and Israeli elements, will be established west of and adjacent to the interim withdrawal line as shown on Map 2 after implementation of Israeli withdrawal and deployment behind the interim withdrawal line. Egyptian civil police equipped with light weapons will perform normal police functions within this zone.
2. The United Nations Force will operate check points, reconnaissance patrols, and observation posts within the interim buffer zone in order to ensure compliance with the terms of this Article.
3. In accordance with arrangements agreed upon by both Parties and to be coordinated by the Joint Commission, Israeli personnel will operate military technical installations at four specific locations shown on Map 2 and designated as T1 (map central coordinate 57163940), T2 (map central coordinate 59351541), T3 (map central coordinate 5933-1527), and T4 (map central coordinate 61130979) under the following principles:
1. The technical installations shall be manned by technical and administrative personnel equipped with small arms required for their protection (revolvers, rifles, sub-machine guns, light machine guns, hand grenades, and ammunition), as follows:
* T1 - up to 150 personnel
* T2 and T3 - up to 350 personnel
* T4 - up to 200 personnel
2. Israeli personnel will not carry weapons outside the sites, except officers who may carry personal weapons.
3. Only a third party agreed to by Egypt and Israel will enter and conduct inspections within the perimeters of technical installations in the buffer zone. The third party will conduct inspections in a random manner at least once a month. The inspections will verify the nature of the operation of the installations and the weapons and personnel therein. The third party will immediately report to the Parties any divergence from an installation's visual and electronic surveillance or communications role.
4. Supply of the installations, visits for technical and administrative purposes, and replacement of personnel and equipment situated in the sites, may occur uninterruptedly from the United Nations check points to the perimeter of the technical installations, after checking and being escorted by only the United Nations forces.
5. Israel will be permitted to introduce into its technical installations items required for the proper functioning of the installations and personnel.
6. As determined by the Joint Commission, Israel will be permitted to:
1. Maintain in its installations fire-fighting and general maintenance equipment as well as wheeled administrative vehicles and mobile engineering equipment necessary for the maintenance of the sites. All vehicles shall be unarmed.
2. Within the sites and in the buffer zone, maintain roads, water lines, and communications cables which serve the site. At each of the three installation locations (T1, T2 and T3, and T4), this maintenance may be performed with up to two unarmed wheeled vehicles and by up to twelve unarmed personnel with only necessary equipment, including heavy engineering equipment if needed. This maintenance may be performed three times a week, except for special problems, and only after giving the United Nations four hours notice. The teams will be escorted by the United Nations.
7. Movement to and from the technical installations will take place only during daylight hours. Access to, and exit from, the technical installations shall be as follows:
1. T1: Through a United Nations check point, and via the road between Abu Aweigila and the intersection of the Abu Aweigila road and the Gebel Libni road (at Km. 161), as shown on Map 2.
2. T2 and T3: through a United Nations checkpoint and via the road constructed across the buffer zone to Gebel Katrina, as shown on Map 2.
3. T2, T3, and T4: via helicopters flying within a corridor at the times, and according to a flight profile, agreed to by the Joint Commission. The helicopters will be checked by the United Nations Force at landing sites outside the perimeter of the installations.
8. Israel will inform the United Nations Force at least one hour in advance of each intended movement to and from the installations.
9. Israel shall be entitled to evacuate sick and wounded and summon medical experts and medical teams at any time after giving immediate notice to the United Nations Force.
4. The details of the above principles and all other matters in this Article requiring coordination by the Parties will be handled by the Joint Commission.
5. These technical installations will be withdrawn when Israeli forces withdraw from the interim withdrawal line, or at a time agreed by the parties.

Article VI
Disposition of Installations and Military Barriers
Disposition of installations and military barriers will be determined by the Parties in accordance with the following guidelines:
1. Up to three weeks before Israeli withdrawal from any area, the Joint Commission will arrange for Israeli and Egyptian liaison and technical teams to conduct a joint inspection of all appropriate installations to agree upon condition of structures and articles which will be transferred to Egyptian control and to arrange for such transfer. Israel will declare, at that time, its plans for disposition of installations and articles within the installations.
2. Israel undertakes to transfer to Egypt all agreed infrastructures, utilities, and installations intact, inter alia, airfields, roads, pumping stations, and ports. Israel will present to Egypt the information necessary for the maintenance and operation of the facilities. Egyptian technical teams will be permitted to observe and familiarize themselves with the operation of these facilities for a period of up to two weeks prior to transfer.
3. When Israel relinquishes Israeli military water points near El Arish and El Tor, Egyptian technical teams will assume control of those installations and ancillary equipment in accordance with an orderly transfer process arranged beforehand by the Joint Commission. Egypt undertakes to continue to make available at all water supply points the normal quantity of currently available water up to the time Israel withdraws behind the international boundary, unless otherwise agreed in the Joint Commission.
4. Israel will make its best effort to remove or destroy all military barriers, including obstacles and minefields, in the areas and adjacent waters from which it withdraws, according to the following concept:
1. Military barriers will be cleared first from areas near populations, roads and major installations and utilities.
2. For those obstacles and minefields which cannot be removed or destroyed prior to Israeli withdrawal, Israel will provide detailed maps to Egypt and the United Nations through the Joint Commission not later than 15 days before entry of United Nations forces into the affected areas.
3. Egyptian engineers will enter those areas after United Nations forces enter to conduct barrier clearance operations in accordance with Egyptian plans to be submitted prior to implementation.

Article VII
Surveillance Activities
1. Aerial surveillance activities during the withdrawal will be carried out as follows:
1. Both Parties request the United States to continue airborne surveillance flights in accordance with previous agreements until the completion of final Israeli withdrawal.
2. Flight profiles will cover the Limited Forces Zones to monitor the limitations on forces and armaments, and to determine that Israeli armed forces have withdrawn from the areas described in Article II of Annex I, Article II of this Appendix, and Maps 2 and 3, and that these forces thereafter remain behind their lines. Special inspection flights may be flown at the request of either Party or of the United Nations.
3. Only the main elements in the military organizations of each Party, as described in Annex I and in this Appendix, will be reported.
2. Both Parties request the United States operated Sinai Field Mission to continue its operations in accordance with previous agreements until completion of the Israeli withdrawal from the area east of the Giddi and Mitla Passes. Thereafter, the Mission be terminated.

Article VIII
Exercise of Egyptian Sovereignty
Egypt will resume the exercise of its full sovereignty over evacuated parts of the Sinai upon Israeli withdrawal as provided for in Article I of this Treaty.

ANNEX II
Map of Israel-Egypt International Boundary
ANNEX III
Protocol Concerning Relations of the Parties

Article 1
Diplomatic and Consular Relations
The Parties agree to establish diplomatic and consular relations and to exchange ambassadors upon completion of the interim withdrawal.

Article 2
Economic and Trade Relations
1. The Parties agree to remove all discriminatory barriers to normal economic relations and to terminate economic boycotts of each other upon completion of the interim withdrawal.
2. As soon as possible, and not later than six months after the completion of the interim withdrawal, the Parties will enter negotiations with a view to concluding an agreement on trade and commerce for the purpose of promoting beneficial economic relations.

Article 3
Cultural Relations
1. The Parties agree to establish normal cultural relations following completion of the interim withdrawal.
2. They agree on the desirability of cultural exchanges in all fields, and shall, as soon as possible and not later than six months after completion of the interim withdrawal, enter into negotiations with a view to concluding a cultural agreement for this purpose.

Article 4
Freedom of Movement
1. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal, each Party will permit the free movement of the nationals and vehicles of the other into and within its territory according to the general rules applicable to nationals and vehicles of other states. Neither Party will impose discriminatory restrictions on the free movement of persons and vehicles from its territory to the territory of the other.
2. Mutual unimpeded access to places of religious and historical significance will be provided on a non- discriminatory basis.

Article 5
Cooperation for Development and Good Neighborly Relations
1. The Parties recognize a mutuality of interest in good neighbourly relations and agree to consider means to promote such relations.
2. The Parties will cooperate in promoting peace, stability and development in their region. Each agrees to consider proposals the other may wish to make to this end.
3. The Parties shall seek to foster mutual understanding and tolerance and will, accordingly, abstain from hostile propaganda against each other.

Article 6
Transportation and Telecommunications
1. The Parties recognize as applicable to each other the rights, privileges and obligations provided for by the aviation agreements to which they are both party, particularly by the Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944 ("The Chicago Convention") and the International Air Services Transit Agreement, 1944.
2. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal any declaration of national emergency by a party under Article 89 of the Chicago Convention will not be applied to the other party on a discriminatory basis.
3. Egypt agrees that the use of airfields left by Israel near El-Arish, Rafah, Ras El-Nagb and Sharm El- Sheikh shall be for civilian purposes only, including possible commercial use by all nations.
4. As soon as possible and not later than six months after the completion of the interim withdrawal, the Parties shall enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding a civil aviation agreement.
5. The Parties will reopen and maintain roads and railways between their countries and will consider further road and rail links. The Parties further agree that a highway will be constructed and maintained between Egypt, Israel and Jordan near Eilat with guaranteed free and peaceful passage of persons, vehicles and goods between Egypt and Jordan, without prejudice to their sovereignty over that part of the highway which falls within their respective territory.
6. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal, normal postal, telephone, telex, data facsimile, wireless and cable communications and television relay services by cable, radio and satellite shall be established between the two Parties in accordance with all relevant international conventions and regulations.
7. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal, each Party shall grant normal access to its ports for vessels and cargoes of the other, as well as vessels and cargoes destined for or coming from the other. Such access will be granted on the same conditions generally applicable to vessels and cargoes of other nations. Article 5 of the Treaty of Peace will be implemented upon the exchange of instruments of ratification of the aforementioned treaty.

Article 7
Enjoyment of Human Rights
The Parties affirm their commitment to respect and observe human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and they will promote these rights and freedoms in accordance with the United Nations Charter.

Article 8
Territorial Seas
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 5 of the Treaty of Peace each Party recognizes the right of the vessels of the other Party to innocent passage through its territorial sea in accordance with the rules of international law.
AGREED MINUTES

Article I
Egypt's resumption of the exercise of full sovereignty over the Sinai provided for in paragraph 2 of Article I shall occur with regard to each area upon Israel's withdrawal from the area.
Article IV
It is agreed between the parties that the review provided for in Article IV (4) will be undertaken when requested by either party, commencing within three months of such a request, but that any amendment can be made only by mutual agreement of both parties.
Article V
The second sentence of paragraph 2 of Article V shall not be construed as limiting the first sentence of that paragraph. The foregoing is not to be construed as contravening the second sentence of paragraph 2 of Article V, which reads as follows: "The Parties will respect each other's right to navigation and overflight for access to either country through the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba."
Article VI (2)
The provisions of Article VI shall not be construed in contradiction to the provisions of the framework for peace in the Middle East agreed at Camp David. The foregoing is not to be construed as contravening the provisions of Article VI (2) of the Treaty, which reads as follows: "The Parties undertake to fulfill in good faith their obligations under this Treaty, without regard to action of any other Party and independently of any instrument external to this Treaty."
Article VI (5)
It is agreed by the Parties that there is no assertion that this Treaty prevails over other Treaties or agreements or that other Treaties or agreements prevail over this Treaty. The foregoing is not to be construed as contravening the provisions of Article VI (5) of the Treaty, which reads as follows: "Subject to Article 103 of the United Nations Charter, in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Parties under the present Treaty and any of their other obligations, the obligation under this Treaty will be binding and implemented."
Annex I
Article VI, Paragraph 8, of Annex I provides as follows:
"The Parties shall agree on the nations from which the United Nations forces and observers will be drawn. They will be drawn from nations other than those which are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council."
The Parties have agreed as follows:
"With respect to the provisions of paragraph 8, Article VI, of Annex 1, if no agreement is reached between the Parties, they will accept or support a U.S. proposal concerning the composition of the United Nations force and observers."
Annex III
The Treaty of Peace and Annex III thereto provide for establishing normal economic relations between the Parties. In accordance herewith, it is agreed that such relations will include normal commercial sales of oil by Egypt to Israel, and that Israel shall be fully entitled to make bids for Egyptian-origin oil not needed for Egyptian domestic oil consumption, and Egypt and its oil concessionaires will entertain bids made by Israel, on the same basis and terms as apply to other bidders for such oil.
For the Government
of Israel
For the Government of the
Arab Republic of Egypt

Witnessed by:
Jimmy Carter
President of the United States of America

Email Me!

Links to Other Sites